Germany:In course of the conflict with the church establishment of the civil marriage in Prussia (1875 in the Reich).
As a result therefrom, on the 13th July, attempted assassination of
Bismarck (1815-1898). The parliamentary budgeting right is depreciated by Bismarck's compromise of the Septenary
(budget allocation for seven years).
Russia:Universal compulsory military service of six years duration.
Spain:Accession to the throne of Alfonso XII (1857-1885).
Switzerland:Revision of the constitution in favour of the Federation: Referendums in order to pass laws, unitary
military and educational system. Foundation of the Universal Postal Union in Bern.
England:Second government of
Disraeli (1804-1881): Beginning of the imperialistic policy.